(*********************************************************************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used on any computer system with Mathematica 3.0, MathReader 3.0, or any compatible application. The data for the notebook starts with the line of stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). NOTE: If you modify the data for this notebook not in a Mathematica- compatible application, you must delete the line below containing the word CacheID, otherwise Mathematica-compatible applications may try to use invalid cache data. For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 17214, 479]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 41725, 1342]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 41681, 1338]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Working With Cells", "Title"], Cell["By Robin Sue Sanders (January 1998)", "Subsubtitle", TextAlignment->Center], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData["Cells\[LongDash]what they are and why we use them"], "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebooks are organized using so-called \"cells\". Cells are pieces of \ text or input that are grouped together by a bracket (called the ", StyleBox["cell bracket", FontWeight->"Bold"], ") that appears at the far right of a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebook. (Look at the far right, and you will see the cell bracket for \ this cell.) " }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[ "Cells can be grouped together\[LongDash]this creates a set of nested \ brackets. When a cell bracket has a sharp point at the bottom, that \ indicates that the cell group is closed. This is the top cell in a closed \ group of cells. Notice the double bracket, the outermost of which has a \ sharp point. You open a closed group by placing the mouse on the bracket \ with the point and double clicking. You close a nested group in the same way\ \[LongDash]put the mouse on the group's bracket and double click. If you are \ reading this notebook on the computer, try opening and closing this group."], "Text"], Cell["\<\ Some junk to make the group. This is not shown in the hardcopy \ since the group is closed.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[TextData[{ "Cells come in many different types. The three most important are Input \ cells, Output cells, and Text cells. Output cells are created by ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", and so they are not explicitly discussed in this document." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Input Cells", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Input cells (which can be formated) are used to feed ", StyleBox["Mathematica ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "the commands you want it to execute. To activate an input cell (i.e. ask \ ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " to do the computations in the cell), ", StyleBox["place the cursor in the cell", FontSlant->"Italic"], " (use the mouse to put the funny I shaped cursor in the cell and click the \ mouse once) and then", StyleBox[" press", FontSlant->"Italic"], " ", StyleBox["enter", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". (The ", StyleBox["return ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "key won't work, but the combination ", StyleBox["shift-return", FontWeight->"Bold"], " will work, and ", StyleBox["shift-return", FontWeight->"Bold"], " may be more convienent to use.) ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " will automatically put the output of the commands into an Output cell and \ group the Input and Output cells together. An Input cell is shown below. \ Try activating the cell to create the corresponding Output cell." }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2 + 3\)], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "The standard type in an input cell is ", StyleBox["boldface", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". The typeface in the corresponding Output cell is plainface type. The \ cell bracket on an Input cell has an open triangle at its top, while the \ corresponding Output cell's bracket has an open triangle and a \"whisker\" on \ it. " }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Text Cells", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Text cells (like this one) are used to add comments and textual material \ to a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebook. All of your comments, explanations, and interpretations of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " output should be in Text cells. All of the formating for what the \ on-line version of the text calls \"Standard\" or \"Formated\" input also \ works in text cells. " }], "Text", PageBreakWithin->Automatic, PageBreakBelow->Automatic], Cell[TextData[ "Text cells have a standard, plainface font\[LongDash]Times-Roman, to be \ precise. The bracket on a text cell has a double wisker at the top. (Look \ at this cell's bracket.)"], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "Text cells cannot be activated to produce output. If you hit ", StyleBox["enter", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (or ", StyleBox["shift-return", FontWeight->"Bold"], ") when the cursor is in a text cell, ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " will beep at you and may give you an error message in a dialog box." }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Other Cells", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ Other cell types include Titles, Sections, Subsections, Messages, \ Graphics, etc. Many of them are self-explanatory. None of them can be \ activated to produce Output Cells. Their cell brackets typically have a \ double whisker at the top. The ones used for grouping other cells (Titles, \ Sections, and Subsections) cause a new layer of nested cell brackets to \ appear. These types of cells are primarily used by authors to make it easier \ to scroll through a notebook. You can open one section of a notebook, read \ it, then close it, before moving on to the next section. \ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Creating Cells", "Section"], Cell["\<\ To create a new cell, here's what to do: 1) Use the mouse to move the cursor to a point between two existing cells \ or below the last existing cell. 2) Click the mouse button and you'll get a horizontal line for the cursor. 3) Start typing, and the stuff you type will appear in a brand new \ cell.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Input Cells", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ Input cells are the standard, default new cell type. In other \ words, if you just start typing when the cursor is a horizontal line, the new \ cell will be an Input cell. Create a new Input cell right below this cell. \ Then activate your Input cell.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Text Cells", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ Creating a Text cell requires an extra step. First, make the \ cursor into a horizontal line. (See above for instructions.) Then, convert \ the cell type to Text. There are two reasonable ways to do this. Here's a \ rundown:\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\tMethod 1) Use the \"Format\" menu and the mouse. ", StyleBox["Before you start typing\n\t\t in the new cell, ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "place the mouse on the Format pulldown menu\n\t\t and press the mouse \ button. A submenu will pop up. Slide down\n\t\t to the \"Style\" \ button, and then slide over to the Style submenu\n\t\t and select \"Text\ \". Release the button. When you start typing, the\n\t\t font should \ be Times-Roman and the cell should be a Text cell." }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\tMethod 2) Use a keyboard short cut. ", StyleBox["Before you start typing in the new cell,\n\t\t ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "type \[CloverLeaf]-7 (press the Apple \[CloverLeaf] key and the \"7\" at \ the same time.)\n\t\t When you start typing, the font should be \ Times-Roman and the\n\t\t cell should be a Text cell." }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "If you start typing before you convert the cell to a Text cell, you can \ still convert it to a Text cell. First, use the mouse to ", StyleBox["select", FontWeight->"Bold"], " the cell: Put the cursor on top of the cell's bracket and click the \ mouse button once. The cell's bracket should now be dark. Then use either \ Method 1 or 2 above to convert the cell to a Text cell. " }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Other Cells", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Creating other cell types require an extra step. First, make the cursor \ into a horizontal line. (See above for instructions.) Then, convert the \ cell type to the desired type. The easiest way to do this is to modify the \ first method for creating a Text cell: Use the \"Format\" menu and the \ mouse. ", StyleBox["Before you start typing in the new cell, ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "place the mouse on the Format pulldown menu and press the mouse button. A \ submenu will pop up. Slide down to the \"Style\" button and, then slide over \ to the Style submenu and select desired cell type. Release the button. When \ you start typing, the font will be the appropriate type for the selected cell \ type. " }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "If you start typing before you convert the cell to the desired type, you \ can still convert it. First, use the mouse to ", StyleBox["select", FontWeight->"Bold"], " the cell: Put the cursor on top of the cell's bracket and click the \ mouse button once. The cell's bracket should now be dark. Then use the \ Format and Style menus to convert the cell to the desired type. 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This can be done in one of two ways: \n\t\t Use the \ Edit menu: Place the cursor on top of word Edit, and\n\t\t press \ (and hold) the mouse button. \n\t\t Slide down to the word \"Cut\" \ and then release the button.\n\t\t or \n\t\t Use a keyboard shortcut: \ Type \[CloverLeaf]-x (press the Apple \[CloverLeaf] key and\n\t\t the \ \"x\" key at the same time.)" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[ "Deleting text works the same way: Put the mouse at one end of the text you \ want to delete. Press and drag the mouse to highlight the desired tex, and \ then release the mouse button to select it. Delete it using any of the \ following:\n\t\tThe Delete key, the \[CloverLeaf]-x combination, or the Edit \ menu. 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In\n\t\tother \ words, put the cursor on top of the cell's bracket and click the\n\t\tmouse \ button once. If you want to select more than one cell, drag \n\t\tthe mouse \ up or down through the desired cell brackets until all the\n\t\tcells you \ want have dark cell brackets and then release the mouse\n\t\tbutton." }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\tStep 2) ", StyleBox["Copy", FontWeight->"Bold"], " the cell to the \"clipboard\". This can be done in one of \n\t\t two \ ways: \n\t\t Use the Edit menu: Place the cursor on top of word \ Edit, and\n\t\t press (and hold) the mouse button. \n\t\t Slide \ down to the word \"Copy\" and then release the button.\n\t\t or \n\t\t \ Use a keyboard shortcut: Type \[CloverLeaf]-c (press the Apple \[CloverLeaf] \ key and\n\t\t the \"c\" key at the same time.)" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\tStep 3) ", StyleBox["Move", FontWeight->"Bold"], " the cursor to the desired place in the desired notebook. Click\n\t\tthe \ mouse button monce to place the cursor there. For cells, you'll\n\t\twant \ the cursor between two existing cells or below the last existing\n\t\tcell. \ When you click the mouse button, you'll get a horizontal line for\n\t\tthe \ cursor." }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "\tStep 4) ", StyleBox["Paste", FontWeight->"Bold"], " the cell to the new location. This can be done in one of \n\t\t two \ ways: \n\t\t Use the Edit menu: Place the cursor on top of word \ Edit, and\n\t\t press (and hold) the mouse button. \n\t\t Slide \ down to the word \"Paste\" and then release the button.\n\t\t or \n\t\t \ Use a keyboard shortcut: Type \[CloverLeaf]-v (press the Apple \ \[CloverLeaf] key and\n\t\t the \"v\" key at the same time.)" }], "Text"], Cell["\<\ The new cell (or cells) should now appear in the desired \ location.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[ "Copying and pasting text works the same way: You put the mouse at one end \ of the text you want to copy&paste. Press and drag the mouse to highlight \ the desired tex, and then release the mouse button to select it. Copy it \ using either the \[CloverLeaf]-c combination or the Edit menu. Then move the \ cursor where you want the text to go, click the mouse button once to put the \ cursor there, and then paste the text using the \[CloverLeaf]-v combination \ or the Edit menu. You can put the text into an existing cell by placing the \ cursor inside the cell and clicking the mouse button. You should get a small \ vertical line (that may flash) at the place where the text will be moved \ to."], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "An important note:", StyleBox[ " If you make a mistake in selecting the text or cells you want to \ copy&paste, simply click the mouse once to \"clear\" the selection. Then \ start the selection process over.", FontSlant->"Plain"] }], "Text", FontSlant->"Italic"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Other Cell Operations", "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ "There are many other cell options that are occasionally used in writing \ notebooks. These include ", StyleBox["grouping", FontWeight->"Bold"], " and ", StyleBox["ungrouping", FontWeight->"Bold"], " cells; ", StyleBox["dividing ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "a cell; and ", StyleBox["merging", FontWeight->"Bold"], " cells into a single cell. All of these operations (as well as others) \ can be done using the Cell pull down menu. Cell division occurs at the place \ where the vertical line blinking cursor appears in the cell. Merging cells \ requires that the cells to be merged have their brackets selected. Grouping \ (and ungrouping) of cells manually first requires that you select Manual \ Grouping from the Cell Grouping Submenu. (The default is Automatic \ grouping.) 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Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Presentation"], CellMargins->{{24, 10}, {10, 10}}, LineSpacing->{1, 5}], Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Condensed"], CellMargins->{{8, 10}, {6, 6}}, LineSpacing->{1, 1}], Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Printout"], CellMargins->{{2, 0}, {6, 6}}, FontSize->10] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula"], CellMargins->{{42, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, CellHorizontalScrolling->True, DefaultFormatType->DefaultInputFormatType, ScriptLevel->0, SingleLetterItalics->True, UnderoverscriptBoxOptions->{LimitsPositioning->True}], Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Presentation"], LineSpacing->{1, 5}], Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Condensed"], LineSpacing->{1, 1}], Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Printout"], FontSize->10] }, Open ]], Cell["Styles for Headers and Footers", "Section"], Cell[StyleData["Header"], CellMargins->{{0, 0}, {4, 1}}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontSize->10, FontSlant->"Italic"], Cell[StyleData["Footer"], CellMargins->{{0, 0}, {0, 4}}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontSize->9, FontSlant->"Italic"], Cell[StyleData["PageNumber"], CellMargins->{{0, 0}, {4, 1}}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Times", FontSize->10], Cell["Palette Styles", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The cells below define styles that define standard \ ButtonFunctions, for use in palette buttons.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["Paste"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`NotebookApply[ FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], #, After]}]&)}], Cell[StyleData["Evaluate"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`NotebookApply[ FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], #, All], SelectionEvaluate[ FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], All]}]&)}], Cell[StyleData["EvaluateCell"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { 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ButtonBoxes. The \"Hyperlink\" style is for links within the same Notebook, \ or between Notebooks.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`NotebookLocate[ #2]}]&), Active->True, ButtonNote->ButtonData}], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ The following styles are for linking automatically to the on-line \ help system.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "MainBook", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "AddOns", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["AddOnLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "RefGuideLink", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "GettingStarted", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "OtherInformation", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell["Placeholder Styles", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The cells below define styles useful for making placeholder \ objects in palette templates.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["Placeholder"], Editable->False, Selectable->False, StyleBoxAutoDelete->True, Placeholder->True, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Printout"]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder"], Editable->False, Selectable->False, StyleBoxAutoDelete->True, Placeholder->Primary, StyleMenuListing->None, DrawHighlighted->True], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Printout"]] }, Closed]], Cell["FormatType Styles", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The cells below define styles that are mixed in with the styles \ of most cells. If a cell's FormatType matches the name of one of the styles \ defined below, then that style is applied between the cell's style and its \ own options. This is particularly true of Input and Output.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["CellExpression"], PageWidth->Infinity, CellMargins->{{6, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, ShowCellLabel->False, ShowSpecialCharacters->False, AllowInlineCells->False, AutoItalicWords->{}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->12, Background->GrayLevel[1]], Cell[StyleData["InputForm"], AllowInlineCells->False, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["OutputForm"], PageWidth->Infinity, TextAlignment->Left, LineSpacing->{0.6, 1}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["StandardForm"], LineSpacing->{1.25, 0}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["TraditionalForm"], LineSpacing->{1.25, 0}, SingleLetterItalics->True, TraditionalFunctionNotation->True, DelimiterMatching->None, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell["\<\ The style defined below is mixed in to any cell that is in an \ inline cell within another.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["InlineCell"], TextAlignment->Left, ScriptLevel->1, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell[StyleData["InlineCellEditing"], StyleMenuListing->None, Background->RGBColor[1, 0.749996, 0.8]] }], MacintoshSystemPageSetup->"\<\ 00<0004/0B`000002mT8o?mooh<" ] (*********************************************************************** Cached data follows. 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